Brazilian consensus on vesicoureteral reflux-recommendations for clinical practice

ABSTRACT Introduction Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) is characterized by a retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys. It is one of the most common urinary tract anomalies and the major cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in the first years of life. If not properly diagnosed and treated can lead to recurrent UTI, renal scar and, in severe cases, to end stage renal disease. Despite recent advances in scientific and technological knowledge, evaluation and treatment of VUR is still controversial and there is still considerable heterogeneity in evaluation methods and therapeutic approaches. The aim of the present consensus is to give a practical orientation on how to evaluate and treat VUR. Methods The board of Pediatric Urology of the Brazilian Society of Urology joined a group of experts and reviewed all important issues on Vesicoureteral Reflux evaluation and treatment and elaborated a draft of the document. On November 2017 the panel met to review, discuss and write a consensus document. Results and Discussion Vesicoureteral Reflux is a common and challenging problem in children. Children presenting with Vesicoureteral Reflux require careful evaluation and treatment to avoid future urinary tract infections and kidney scars. The panel addressed recommendations on up to date choice of diagnosis evaluation and therapies.

The learning curve of sting method for endoscopic injection treatment of vesicoureteral reflux

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify how many endoscopic injection (EI) procedures, STING method, must be performed before reaching an ideal success rate when simulation training has not been received. Materials and Methods: The EI procedures performed by two pediatric urology fellows were investigated. The study excluded patients without primary VUR and those with previous EI or ureteroneocystostomy, lower urinary tract dysfunction, and/or duplicate ureters. The EIs used dextranomer hyaluronate and the STING method, as described by O'Donnell and Puri. Groups number was determined by multiple statistical trials. Statistically significance differences were achieved with one combination that had 35 EI procedures each and with 3 different combination of patients, having 12, 24, and 36 patients, respectively. Therefore, groups were established 12 patients. The first fellow performed 54 EIs, and the second performed 51. Therefore, each of the first fellow's three groups contained 18 EI procedures, and each of the second fellow's 17. Results: The study included 72 patients and 105 ureter units. When the data from both fellows were combined, each of the three groups contained 35 procedures. For the first fellow, the success rates in the first, second, and third groups were 38.3%, 66.6%, and 83.3% (p = 0.02), respectively, and for the second fellow, the success rates were 41.2%, 64.7%, and 82.3% (p = 0.045), respectively. The increased success rates for both fellows were very similar. Conclusions: An acceptable rate of success for EI may be reached after about 20 procedures and a high success rate after about 35-40 procedures.

Changing bulking agent may require change in injection volume for endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux

ABSTRACT Introduction: Various bulking agents were utilized for endoscopic correction of VUR. A study reviewing multi-institutional data showed that the amount of injection material has increased over time with the purpose of improving success rates, which also resulted in costs. We noticed an opposite trend in our center since we started using a new bulking agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate evolution of our practice with different bulking agents. Patients and Methods: Records of VUR patients who underwent subureteric injection with polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer (PPC) and dextronomere hyaluronic acide (DxHA) between 2005 and 2014 were reviewed. Variation of different parameters throughout the study period was evaluated along with the success rate. Success was defined as complete resolution of reflux. Results: A total of 260 patients with 384 refluxing units were included. The success rate was higher in PPC group compared to DxHA group. There was no statistically significant difference between years regarding distribution of VUR grade, body weight, patient height, and age in PPC group. Despite significant reduction in injection volume, success rate did not decrease through the years with PPC. Conclusion: Different bulking agents may require different injection volumes to achieve the same success rate in endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux. Habits gained with previous experience using other materials should be revised while using a new agent.

Impacto de la aplicación de una guía clínica basada en la evidencia en el tratamiento del reflujo vesicoureteral primario en el niño / Impact of using an evidence-based clinical guideline for the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children

Objetivo: Analizar en qué manera se ha modificado la actitud terapéutica en un hospital de tercer nivel tras la implementación de la guía clínica para el tratamiento del reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) primario en niños. Población y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo sobre una cohorte de pacientes con RVU primario (1989-2015), de entre 0 y 15 años, en un hospital terciario. Se comparó la conducta terapéutica antes y después de la aparición de la guía clínica (2008). Resultados: Se incluyeron 297 pacientes (49, 8% de niños, 50, 2% de niñas), edad media al momento del diagnóstico de 21, 71 meses. El grado de RVU fue: RVU I-III 45, 1%, RVU IV-V 54, 9%; 124 fueron tratados tras la implementación de la guía clínica (grupo 1), 173, con anterioridad (grupo 2). El período medio de seguimiento fue de 124, 32 meses. El tratamiento conservador fue la terapia de inicio en el 70, 3% de los pacientes del grupo 1 y en el 67, 9% del grupo 2. El número de cirugías se mantuvo constante (31, 45% vs. 31, 79%), con un incremento en el número de procedimientos endoscópicos (p < 0, 005). El perfil de paciente se ha modificado a raíz de la aplicación del algoritmo propuesto por dicha guía. Hubo menos intervenciones en pacientes con RVU IV-V (82, 32% vs. 59, 9%, p= 0, 000) y daño renal al momento del diagnóstico (49, 4% vs. 9, 8%, p= 0, 000). Conclusiones: La aplicación de la guía clínica ha favorecido una conducta conservadora inicial en pacientes con RVU de alto grado y nefropatía, en los que, tradicionalmente, se indicaba la cirugía desde el inicio. La utilización de las guías clínicas favorece una conducta unánime basada en la evidencia, que disminuye los procedimientos invasivos innecesarios.

Objective: To analyze changes in the therapeutic approach at a tertiary care hospital following the implementation of a clinical guideline for the treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children. Population and methods: Retrospective study conducted in a cohort of patients with primary VUR (1989-2015) aged 0-15 years at a tertiary care hospital. The therapeutic approach before and after the development of the clinical guideline (2008) was compared. Results: A total of297 patients (49.8% boys, 50.2% girls) were included; their mean age at the time of diagnosis was 21.71 months. VUR grading was: VUR I-III 45.1%, VUR IV-V 54, 9%; 124 were treated after the implementation of the clinical guideline (group 1), and 173, before (group 2). The mean follow-up period was 124.32months. A conservative approach was the initial treatment in 70.3% of group 1 patients and 67.9% of group 2 patients. The number of surgeries remains constant (31.45% versus 31.79%), with an increase in the number of endoscopic surgeries (p < 0.005). The profile of patients has changed based on the application of the algorithm proposed by the guideline. Fewer surgeries were done in patients with VUR IV-V (82.32% versus 59.9%, p= 0.000) and there were fewer cases of kidney damage at diagnosis (49.4% versus 9.8%, p= 0.000). Conclusions: The implementation of the clinical guideline has favored an initially conservative approach in patients with severe grade VUR and nephropathy, for whom surgery was traditionally indicated initially. Using clinical guidelines favors a unanimous, evidence-based approach that reduces the performance of unnecessary invasive procedures.

Inyección endoscópica para la corrección del reflujo vesicoureteral / Endoscopic Injection for the Correction of Vesicoureteral Reflux

Resumen:Introducción:la inyección endoscópica subureteral es el método menos invasivo con resultados favorables para el tratamiento del reflujo vesicoureteral.Objetivo:investigar los resultados de la inyección endoscópica y comparar la eficacia de dos agentes de carga diferentes tanto como el Macroplastique y Vantris.Métodos:los datos de los pacientes que se sometieron a inyección endoscópica para el tratamiento del reflujo vesicoureteral en el Hospital Nacional de Niños entre diciembre 2011 y Febrero 2015 fueron retrospectivamente revisados. Se excluyeron pacientes con disfunción miccional persistente, que no tuvieran cistouretrografía miccional posterior al tratamiento endoscópico y expedientes incompletos. La técnica quirúrgica utilizada fue la de STING clásica. El control postoperatorio fue a los 3 meses y se realizó ecografía de vías urinarias; la profilaxis antibiótica se continuó hasta la cistouretrografía miccional control. El éxito del tratamiento se define como la desaparición de reflujo en el cistouretrografía miccional de control.Resultados:en total se revisaron 38 casos, de los cuales 33 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión, el 66,6% correspondía a niñas y el 33,3% a niños; se documentó un 42,4% con reflujo vesicoureteral bilateral (14 casos), luego sigue el lado izquierdo con un 36,36% (12 casos) y el lado derecho con un 21,21% (7 casos). En total se evaluaron 47 unidades ureterales. El Vantris se utilizó en el 63,6% de los casos y el Macroplastique en el 27,4%. La mayoría de los pacientes presentó resolución de su reflujo vesicoureteral posterior al tratamiento (29 casos: 88%); una menor cantidad, persistencia del reflujo (4 casos: 12%), y de estos, 4 pacientes persistieron con reflujo vesicoureteral de menor grado que al momento del diagnóstico. Todos se volvieron a someter a inyección endoscópica antirreflujo, de ellos 3 se curaron y uno persistió con reflujo vesicoureteral, pero de bajo grado y asintomático, por lo que se está manejando de manera conservadora.Conclusiones:la corrección del reflujo vesicoureteral por inyección endoscópica con Macroplastique y Vantris es segura, efectiva y mínimamente invasiva.

Abstract:Introduction:Endoscopic suburetal injection, is the less invasive method with promising results for the treatment vesicoureteral reflux.Objective:To investigate the results of endoscopic injection and compare the efficacy of two agents of different load such as Macroplastique and Vantris.Methods:Data of patients that underwent endoscopic injection for vesicoureteral reflux treatment at Hospital Nacional de Niños between December 2011 and February 2015 were revised retrospectively. Patients with persistent voiding dysfunction, that had no micturatingcystourethrogram after the endoscopic treatment and incomplete records were excluded. The surgical technique used was STING Classic. The postopertative control was after 3 months and an urinary tract ultrasonography was done, a continuous antibiotic prophylaxis was performed until the control voiding cystourethrogram. Treatment success is defined as the disappearance of reflux in the control voiding cystourethrogram control.Results:A total of 38 cases were reviewed, of which 33 met the inclusion criteria, 66.6% were girls and 33.3% were boys, 42.4% were documented with bilateral vesicoureteral reflux (14 Cases), following 36.36% (12 cases) on the left side and on the right side 21.21% (7 cases). In total 47 ureteral units were evaluated. The Vantris was used in 63.6% of cases and Macroplastique in 27.4%. The majority of patients showed resolution of their subsequent vesicoureteral reflux after the treatment (29 cases: 88%), a smaller amount with persistent reflux (4 cases: 12%) of these, 4 patients persisted with vesicoureteral reflux in a lesser degree than at the moment of the diagnosis, all were submited the endoscopic antireflux injection again, of which 3 were cured and one persisted with vesicoureteral reflux, but of low grade and asymptomatic, being managed conservatively.Conclusions:Correction of vesicoureteral reflux by endoscopic injection with Macroplastique and Vantris is safe, effective and minimally invasive.

The outcomes of two different bulking agents (dextranomer hyaluronic acid copolymer and polyacrylate-polyalcohol copolymer) in the treatment of primary vesico-ureteral reflux

ABSTRACT Purpose Subureteral injection of bulking agents in the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux is widely accepted therapy with high success rates. Although the grade of vesicoureteric reflux and experience of surgeon is the mainstay of this success, the characteristics of augmenting substances may have an effect particularly in the long term. In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) with two different bulking agents: Dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Dx/HA) and Polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer (PPC). Materials and Methods A total 80 patients (49 girls and 31 boys) aged 1-12 years (mean age 5.3 years) underwent endoscopic subureteral injection for correction of VUR last six years. The patients were assigned to two groups: subureteral injections of Dx/HA (45 patients and 57 ureters) and PPC (35 patients and 45 ureters). VUR was grade II in 27 ureters, grade III in 35, grade IV in 22 and grade V in 18 ureters. Results VUR was resolved in 38 (66.6%) of 57 ureters and this equates to VUR correction in 33 (73.3%) of the 45 patients in Dx/HA group. In PPC group, overall success rate was 88.8% (of 40 in 45 ureters). Thus, Thus, this equates to VUR correction in 31 (88.5%) of the 35 patients. Conclusions Our short term data show that two different bulking agent injections provide a high level of reflux resolution and this study revealed that success rate of PPC was significantly higher than Dx/HA with less material.

Is a secondary procedure necessary in every case of failed endoscopic treatment for vesicoureteral reflux?

PURPOSE: Endoscopic treatment (ET) has become a widely accepted procedure for treating vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). However, patients followed up after ET over long periods have reported persistent or recurrent VUR. We evaluated the natural course of failed ET in patients who required further treatments to help physicians in making decisions on the treatment of VUR. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with VUR and underwent ET from January 2006 to December 2009. A total of 165 patients with 260 ureters underwent ET. We compared the parameters of the patients according to ET success or failure and evaluated the natural course of the patients after ET failure. RESULTS: Mean VUR grade and positive photon defect were higher in the failed ET group than in the successful ET group. Six months after the operation, persistent or recurrent VUR was observed in 76 ureters (29.2%), and by 16.3 months after the operation, VUR resolution was observed in 18 ureters (23.7%). Twenty-five ureters (32.9%) without complications were observed conservatively. Involuntary detrusor contraction was found in 1 of 9 (11.1%) among the secondary ET success group, whereas in the secondary ET failure group, 4 of 6 (66.7%) had accompanying involuntary detrusor contraction. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in whom ET fails can be observed for spontaneous resolution of VUR unless they have febrile urinary tract infection or decreased renal function. Urodynamic study may be helpful in deciding whether a secondary procedure after ET failure is necessary.

Refluxo Vesicoureteral primário na infância: tratamento conservador versus intervenção cirúrgica / Primary vesicoureteral reflux: conservative therapy or surgical intervention

Introdução: A associação entre refluxo vesicoureteral primário e infecções do trato urinário pode acarretar em dano renal permanente. Há, na literatura, a tendência de cura espontânea deste refluxo em crianças e marcante declínio na indicação do tratamento cirúrgico. Objetivo: Estudar a evolução dos refluxos vesicoureterais primários associados a quadros de infecções urinárias de repetição, em pacientes do serviço de Nefrologia Pediátrica da nossa instituição, avaliando os casos nos quais houve cura mediante tratamento conservador apenas, e aqueles nos quais foi necessária a intervenção cirúrgica. Métodos: Analisamos os prontuários dos pacientes com infecções urinárias de repetição associadas ao diagnóstico de refluxo vesicoureteral primário. Os dados coletados diziam respeito aos parâmetros: sexo, idade do diagnóstico da primeira infecção urinária, idade do diagnóstico de RVU, número de infecções urinárias, grau de refluxo, resultado da urocultura, função renal, cicatrizes renais, outras malformações do trato urinário e intervenção cirúrgica ou conservadora. A Análise estatística foi descritiva e realizada com o programa SPSS. Resultados: Dentro do subgrupo de pacientes com graus IV e V, notou-se 63,6% dos casos evoluindo para intervenção cirúrgica e 36,4%, para resolução por intervenção conservadora. Naqueles com graus I, II e III, 38,5% evoluíram para tratamento cirúrgico, contra 61,5%, para resolução por conduta conservadora. Dentre os pacientes com presença de refluxo vesicoureteral bilateralmente,72,7% tiveram evolução cirúrgica. Não se ...

Introduction: The relationship between urinary tract infections and primary vesicoureteral reflux may lead to permanent renal damage. In the literature an increasing number of spontaneous cure of vesicoureteral reflux in children and the significant decrease in surgical therapy has been observed. Objective: To study the evolution of primary vesicoureteral reflux associated with recurring urinary tract infections settings in patients of the Pediatric Nephrology department of our institution, evaluating cases in which cure was achieved through conservative therapy only and those in which surgical intervention was required. Methods: We analyzed records and collected data refers to parameters: sex, age upon the diagnosis of primary urinary infection, age upon diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux, number of urinary tract infections, vesicoureteral reflux grade; renal function, renal scaring, other malformation of urinary tract, and surgical or conservative intervention. Statistical analysis was descriptive and conducted with the SPSS program. Results: Within the subgroup of patients with grade IV and V, 63.6% of the cases evolved to surgical intervention and 36.4% to conservative intervention. In those with grades I, II, and III, 38.5% evolved to surgical treatment against 61.5% for conservative approach. Among those with bilateral vesicoureteral reflux, 72.7% had to undergo surgical intervention. No relationship was observed between the vesicoureteral reflux grade and the presence of renal scaring. Conclusion: Patients with low grade vesicoureteral reflux and recurring urinary tract infections tend to experience spontaneous reflux resolution with good renal evolution in the long term in a way that surgical intervention becomes limited to high grade reflux or when followed by other clinical issues. .

Hallazgos ultrasonográficos en el tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vésicoureteral / Ultrasound findings in the endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux

The use of endoscopio treatment in children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) requires ultra-sonographic controls. Radiologists should be aware of common findings to evaluate them properly and thus avoid misdiagnosis. A retrospective review of medical records, surgical protocols and images of 50 children treated with endoscopio injection of Deflux (dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer) was conducted between years 2005 and 2008; 23 patients were discarded due to lack of controls. The following parameters were recorded: age, clinical diagnosis, location and type of injection, volume injected, time elapsed until the first control, ultrasonographic features, and excretory systems dilation. We analyzed 27 cases (45 refluxing kidney-ureter units, KUUs); age: ranging from 8 months to 17 years; VUR: 18 bilateral and 9 unilateral (6 right, 3 left). Urétera! orifice injection (STING): 12 KUUs; intramural distal ureter (HIT): 6; combined technique: 27 Deflux injected volume: 0.4 to 1.3 cc per each KUU. US control: from 1 week to 2 months post-procedure. Display: adequate in 35 KUUs (77.8 percent), regular in 9 KUUs (20 percent) and poor in 1 KUU (2.2 percent). Configuration: rounded in 30 KUUs, lobular in distal ureter in 10 KUUs, and mixed in 5 KUUs. No evidences of excretory system dilatation: in 37 KUUs (82.2 percent) and 8 cases with some degree of dilation (1 severe, symptomatic case).

El uso del tratamiento endoscópico en niños con reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) requiere controles ultrasonográficos. Los radiólogos deben conocer los hallazgos habituales para evaluarlos adecuadamente y evitar diagnósticos erróneos. Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de fichas, protocolos quirúrgicos e imágenes de 50 niños tratados con inyección endoscópica de Deflux (copolímero de dextranómero en ácido hialurónico), entre los años 2005 - 2008; 23 se descartaron por falta de controles. Se registró: edad, diagnóstico clínico, sitio y tipo de inyección, volumen inyectado, tiempo hasta control, características ultrasonográficas y dilatación de sistemas excretores. Se analizan 27 casos (45 unidades riñón-uréter refluyentes, URUR); edades: 8 meses-17 años; RVU: 18 bilateral y 9 unilateral (6 derechos, 3 izquierdos). Inyección en meato ureteral (STING): 12 URUR, intramural uréter distal (HIT): 6, técnica combinada: 27 Deflux, volumen inyectado: 0,4-1,3 cc por cada URUR. US de control: 1 semana - 2 meses post-procedimiento. Visualización: buena 35 URUR (77,8 por ciento), regular 9 (20 por ciento) y deficiente 1 (2,2 por ciento). Configuración: redondeada 30 URUR, lobulada en uréter distal 10 y mixta en 5. Sin dilatación del sistema excretor: 37 URUR (82,2 por ciento) y 8 con algún grado (1 importante, sintomático).

Evaluación del reimplante ureteral extravesical según la técnica de Lich-Gregoir en el tratamiento del reflujo vesico renal primario / Evaluation of extravesical ureteral reimplant using the Lich-Gregoir in the treatment of primary renal bladder reflux

Entre los años 1995 y 2003, fueron reimplantados un total de 490 unidades renales por técnica extravesical según Lich-Gregoir. Todos los casos correspondieron a pacientes pediátricos de ambos sexos portadores de reflujo vesico renal primario. Del total de unidades renales tratadas. 2 por ciento experimentaron persistencia del reflujo. El éxito global en el tratamiento de reflujo se logró en 480 unidades renales (98 por ciento). El porcentaje de hematuria macroscópica (4.08 por ciento) y disuria (2.71 por ciento) fue significativamente menor que el observado en las técnicas transvesicales (100 por ciento). El tiempo de estancia hospitalaria fue menos de 24 horas en 58 por ciento de los casos; entre 24 y 48 horas en 26 por ciento de los mismos, y sólo 16 por ciento de los infantes necesitaron 2 o mas días de hospitalización. Considerando los resultados, recomendamos la utilización de la técnica extravesical de Lich-Gregoir para el tratamiento del reflujo vesico renal primario de II, III y IV grado ya que ofrece menor morbilidad que las técnicas transvesicales.

Clinical study about vesicoureteral reflux at Aleppo University Hospitals

This subject aimed to study the ureterovesical reflux. It is divided into two major parts: The first one was a review of literature which contains at first the history of this disease when it was recognized as a clinical entity, then the embryology, anatomy and physiology of the ureterovesical junction. After that the incidence, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis and complications were studied. This part contains the clinical features, symptoms and signs. Then the diagnosis of VUR was studied which contains laboratory findings, radiologic findings, classification grades and instrumental examination. It has mentioned the differential diagnosis and treatment which Contains two types: The first one was medical treatment which contains: 1-Treatment of destruction of the ring of distal urethral in little girls or posterior urethral valves in boys 2-Elimination of the infection by anti microbial drugs which should be continued for 6 months or more. 3-Triple voiding. 4-Placement of urethral catheter in infant girls with markedly dilated upper urinary tract. The second type of treatment is the surgical treatment which contains: a-Indications of it. b-Types of surgical treatment: 1-Temporary urinary diversion. 2-Permanent urinary diversion. 3-Other surgical treatments such as: a-Heminephrectomy b-Nephrectomy c-Transuretero ureterostomy 4-Definitive repair: By many types of operations such as: 1-Hutch 1963 2-Gleen-Anderson 1967 3-Politano Lead beater 1958 4-Panquine 1959 5-Cohen 1975 6-Lich's 1976 7-Flocks 1961-8-Endoscopic correction of vesicoureteral reflux The second part of this study was practical section, it contains 50 patients admitted to the urologic department of Aleppo University Hospital at the period between 1/1/1995-20/9/2004. Among these cases, 20 had a medical treatment and the other 30 had a surgical treatment. The disease was bilateral in 30 cases, on the right side in 12, and on the left side in the rest 8 cases as the following [Table I]: Table [I]: Show No. of cases and the affected sides. The affected side-Number of cases-[%]: Right side-12-24%; Left side-8-16%; Bilateral-30-60%; Total-50-100%. The number of cases was much more in females than in males as the following table. Table [II]: Cases as affected by sex. The sex-Number of cases-[%]: Female-33-66%; Male-17-34%; Total-50-100%. Most cases were between 5-10 years old [table III] as the following: Table [III]: Case as affected by age. Age-Number of cases-[%]: 1-4-21-42%;; 5-9-15-30%;; 10-15-8-16%; 16-20-4-8%; > 20-2-4%; Total-50-100%. The results of urine analysis made for these patients were as the following table. Table [IV]: The results of urine analysis. Urine analysis-Number of cases-[%]: Sterile Reflux-12-24%; Non sterile reflux-38-76%; Total-50-100%. Vesicoureteral reflux was classified into 5 grades by voiding cystourethrogram as shown in the following table. Table [V]: classification of Vesicoureteral reflux. Grade-Number of cases-[%]: I-33-66%; II-9-18%; III-2-4%; IV-3-6%; V-3-6%; Total-50-100%. The treatment of reflux was medical made in 20 patients 35 ureters and surgical in 30 patients 85 ureters as illustrated in table [VI]. Table [VI]: Type of treatment according to number of patients. Type of treatment-Number of patients-Number of ureters-[%]; Conservative treatment-20-35-40%; Surgical treatment-30-50-60%; Total-50-85-100%; The surgical treatment of reflux was achieved by three methods: 21 patients were treated by Politano Lead beater method. 6 patients were treated by Cohen method. 3 patients were treated by Lich's method. Table [VII]: Type of surgical technique according to number of patient. Type of surgical technique-Number of patients-[%]: Politano Lead beater-21-70%; Cohen technique-6-20%; Lich's technique-3-10%; Total-30-100%. The final results of the surgical treatment achieved by the three methods were as the following [table VIII]. Table [VIII]: The final results and its percentages. Final results-Number of cases [ureters]-[%]: Absence of reflux[cure]-29-87.8%; Stenosis of vesicoureteral junction-1-3%; Persistance of reflux-3-9.2%; Total-33-100%. These results were compared to the results of Dr. Randell Scotte [1977] as in the following table: Table [IX]: Shown comparative studies. Final studies-Our studies-Study of Randell Scotte: Cure-87.8%-97%; Stenosis of UVJ-3%-3%; Persistance of reflux-92%-3%. Finally: Vesicoureteral reflux is very important, so studying and management of this disease are necessary to avoid the renal injury which lead in turn to the renal failure. In addition, the early diagnosis and treatment vesicoureteral reflux will make the results of treatment better and avoid the complications

Clinical Characteristics of Renal Transplant Recipients that Underwent Urologic Surgery for de novo Disease Before and After Transplantation

The pre-transplantation goal of the urologist is the optimization of urinary tract condition. Therefore, urologic surgery may be needed before or after renal transplantation. We analyzed the results of urologic surgery performed because of de novo urologic diseases. Between January 1986 and January 2001, 281 patients underwent renal transplantation, and 23 urologic surgical procedures were performed on 21 transplant recipients before or after renal transplantation because of de novo urologic diseases. By review the major reasons for urologic surgery in recipients were polycystic kidney diseases, vesicoureteral reflux, and dysfunctional voiding disorders. Nineteen surgical corrective procedures were done average 2.9 months before transplantation. The mortality rate was 10.5%. Four patients underwent urologic surgery at an average 57.5 months after transplantation. We highlight the fact that patients with uremia are vulnerable to surgical complications, and conclude that more intensive longterm urologic follow-ups should be conducted on recipients.

Aspectos atuais na abordagem do refluxo vésico-ureteral / Advances in management of vesicoureteral reflux

The advances of knowledge in the clinical course of vesicoureteral reflux and its consequences have allowed an improvement in the management of this common disease in children. In the last years, several facts have contributed for a better understanding of the etiology of reflux and of the associated renal damage. Among them, it is important to emphasize the neonatal diagnosis of the reflux in the investigation of fetal hydronephrosis, the precise detection of renal damage by renal scintigraphy and the advances of the genetic of primary vesicoureteral reflux. The aim of this study is review these aspects and the recent clinical trials...

Os avanços no conhecimento do curso clínico do refluxo vésico-ureteral e de suas consequências têm permitido um aperfeiçoamento na abordagem dessa doença freqüente na faixa etária pediátrica. Nos últimos anos, vários fatores têm contribuído para uma maior compreensão da genêse do refluxo e do dano renal associado. Entre esses destacam-se o diagnóstico neonatal do refluxo na investigação da hidronefrose fetal, a detecção mais precisa do dano renal através da cintilografia renal e os avanços no conhecimento da genética do refluxo vésico-ureteral primário. Esta revisão enfatiza esses avanços e os mais recentes estudos prospectivos controlados abordando a questão do tratamento do refluxo...

Management of urinary tract infections.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in childhood. It may result in long-term complications due to renal scaring. Younger children are at higher risk of renal scarring. The diagnosis of UTI is based on urine culture. The bacterial count for diagnosis of UTI depends on the method of urine collection. Urinalysis is useful for making a presumptive diagnosis of UTI and allows initiation of empirical treatment in high-risk patients, after urine culture has been obtained. The treatment of UTI is guided by the severity of illness and age of the patient. Following a UTI, investigation should be performed to identify an underlying urinary tract anomaly. Recurrence of UTI occurs in 30-50% children. Important predisposing factors include VUR, urinary tract obstruction, voiding dysfunction and constipation. Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is seen in 30-50% children with UTI. The cornerstone of management of VUR is long-term antibiotic prophylaxis, which has been found to be as effective as surgical reimplantation.